Skin homeostasis: Mechanism and influencing factors.

BACKGROUND: The skin is the largest organ in the human body, not only resisting the invasion of harmful substances, but also preventing the loss of moisture and nutrients. Maintaining skin homeostasis is a prerequisite for the proper functioning of the body. Any damage to the skin can lead to a decrease in local homeostasis, such as ultraviolet radiation, seasonal changes, and air pollution, which can damage the skin tissue and affect the function of the skin barrier. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the maintenance mechanism and influencing factors of skin homeostasis and the symptoms of homeostasis imbalance. METHODS: We searched for articles published between 1990 and 2022 in English and Chinese using PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and other databases in the subject area of dermatology, using the following search terms in various combinations: "skin homeostasis," "skin barrier," and "unstable skin." Based on our results, we further refined our search criteria to include a series of common skin problems caused by the destruction of skin homeostasis and its treatments. Limitations include the lack of research on dermatological and cosmetic problems triggered by the disruption of skin homeostasis. RESULTS: This study describes the neuroendocrine-immune system, skin barrier structure, and skin metabolic system that maintain skin homeostasis. In addition, we discuss several common symptoms that occur when skin homeostasis is out of balance, such as dryness, redness, acne, sensitivity, and aging, and explain the mechanism of these symptoms. CONCLUSION: This article provides an update and review for students and practitioners, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of skin care products for the maintenance and repair of skin homeostasis.

Studies on stratum corneum metabolism: function, molecular mechanism and influencing factors.

BACKGROUND: Stratum corneum is located in the outermost layer of the skin and is the most important part of the skin barrier. Stratum corneum mainly contains keratinocytes, lipids, and desmosomes. Their normal metabolic process is closely related to the function of skin barrier. AIMS: This paper reviews the structure and function of stratum corneum, influencing factors, skin diseases, and common solutions. METHODS: An extensive literature search was conducted on the structure and function of stratum corneum, influencing factors, skin diseases, and common solutions. RESULTS: This paper reviews the structure and function of stratum corneum and the influence of various factors on stratum corneum metabolism. At the same time, the existing skin problems, skin diseases, and common solutions are summarized. CONCLUSIONS: This information will help to understand the function, molecular mechanism, and influencing factors of stratum corneum metabolism, and provide new ideas for stratum corneum health management and cosmetic research and development.

Application of epigenetics in dermatological research and skin management.

BACKGROUND: Epigenetics has recently evolved from a collection of diverse phenomena to a defined and far-reaching field of study. Epigenetic modifications of the genome, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, have been reported to play a role in some skin diseases or cancer. AIMS: The purpose of this article was to review the development of epigenetic in recent decades and their applications in dermatological research. METHODS: An extensive literature search was conducted on epigenetic modifications since the first research on epigenetic. RESULTS: This article summarizes the concept and development of epigenetics, as well as the process and principle of epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. Their application in some skin diseases and cosmetic research and development is also summarized. CONCLUSIONS: This information will help to understand the mechanisms of epigenetics and some non-coding RNA, the discovery of the related drugs, and provide new insights for skin health management and cosmetic research and development.